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Anyamba, A., C.J. Tucker, and J.R. Eastman 1999. NDVI anomaly patterns over Africa during the 1997/98 warm ENSO event. Intl. J. Remote Sensing, submitted.

Baethgen, W.E. 1997. Relaciones entre la temperatura superficial del Pacìfico tropical y los rendimientos de cultivos en Uruguay. Workshop and Conference on the 1997-98 El Niño: Impacts and Potential Applications of Climate Prediction in Southeast South America. December 1997. Montevideo, Uruguay.

Baethgen, W.E. 1998. El Niño and La Niña impacts in southeastern South America. Review on the causes and consequences of cold events: A la Niña Summit. Proceedings. M. Glantz (ed.) NCAR, Boulder, CO.

Behringer, D.W., M. Ji, and A. Leetma 1998. An improved coupled model for ENSO prediction and implications for ocean initialization. Part I: The ocean data assimilation system. M. Weather Rev. 126, 1013-1021.

Bidegain, M. and P. Krecl 1998. Comportamiento de la temperatura en el sudeste de Sudamerica (Uruguay) asociado al fenûmeno ENSO. Congreso Iberico - Latinoamericano de Meteorologia. Brasilia, Brazil. September 1998.

Birkett, C., R. Murtugudde, and A. Allan 1998. Indian Ocean climate events brings floods to East Africa's lakes and the Sudd Marsh. Geophys. Res. Lett. 26, 1031-1034.

Cane, M.A., 1999. Understanding and predicting the world's climate system. In Applications of Seasonal Climate Forecasting in Agricultural and Natural Ecosystems — The Australian Experience (G. Hammer, Ed.), in press.

Cane, M.A., A. Kaplan, R.N. Miller, B. Tang, E.C. Hackert, and A.J. Busalacchi 1996. Mapping tropical Pacific sea level: Data assimilation via a reduced state space Kalman filter. J. Geophys. Res. 101, 22599-22617.

Cane, M.A., G. Eshel, and R.W. Buckland, 1994. Forecasting Zimbabwean maize yield using eastern equatorial Pacific sea surface temperature. Nature 370, 204-205.

Cane, M.A., S.E. Zebiak, and S. Dolan 1986. Experimental forecasts of El Niño. Nature 322, 827-832.

Cañizares, R., A. Kaplan, M.A. Cane, 2000. Initialization of a model for El Niño prediction via data assimilation: Failure of the "textbook" approach. Abstracts, Eos Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union 81, F574.

Cañizares, R., A. Kaplan, M.A. Cane, D. Chen, S.E. Zebiak, 2001. Use of data assimilation via linear low order models for the initialization of ENSO predictions. J. Geophys. Res., accepted.

Carlson, R.E., D.P. Todey, and S.E. Taylor 1996. Midwestern corn yield and weather in relation to extremes of the Southern Oscillation. J. Prod. Agric. 9, 347-352.

Chen, D. 2001. Applying satellite remote sensing to predicting 1999-2000 La Niña. Remote Sensing Environ, in press.

Chen, D., M.A. Cane, S.E. Zebiak 1999a. The impact of NSCAT winds on predicting the 1997/98 El Niño: A case study with the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory model, J. Geophys. Res. 104, 11321-11327.

Chen, D., M.A. Cane, S.E. Zebiak, and A. Kaplan 1998. The impact of sea level assimilation on the Lamont model prediction of the 1997-1998 El Niño. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2837-2840.

Chen, D., M.A. Cane, S.E. Zebiak, R. Cañizares, and A. Kaplan 2000. Bias correction of an ocean-atmosphere coupled model. Geophys. Res. Lett. 27, 2585-2588.

Chen, D., T. Liu, S.E. Zebiak, M.A. Cane, Y. Kushnir, D. Witter 1999b. Sensitivity of the tropical Pacific ocean simulation to the spatial and temporal resolution of wind forcing, J. Geophys. Res. 104, 11261-11271.

Chen, D., S.E. Zebiak, A.J. Busalacchi, and M.A. Cane 1995. An improved procedure for El Niño forecasting: Implications for predictability. Science 269, 1699-1702.

Chen, D., S.E. Zebiak, M.A. Cane, and A.J. Busalacchi 1994. Initialization and predictability of a coupled ENSO forecast model. M. Weather Rev. 125, 773.

Cheney, R., L. Miller, R. Agreen, N. Doyle, and J. Lillibridge 1994. TOPEX/Poseidon: The 2-cm solution. J. Geophys. Res. 99, 24555-24564.

Christian, J., M. Verschell, R. Murtugudde, A. Busalacchi, and C. McClain 2001a. Biogeochemical modeling of the tropical Pacific Ocean I: Seasonal and interannual variability. Deep Sea Res., accepted.

Christian, J., M. Verschell, R. Murtugudde, A. Busalacchi, and C. McClain 2001b. Biogeochemical modeling of the tropical Pacific Ocean II: Iron biogeochemistry. Deep Sea Res., accepted.

Cleveland, M.K. and D.N. Duvick 1992. Iowa climate reconstructed from tree rings, 1640-1982. Water Resources Res. 28, 2607-2615.

Del Genio, A.D., M.-S. Yao, W. Kovari, and K.K.-W. Lo 1996. A prognostic cloud water parameterization for global climate models. J. Climate 9, 270-304.

Del Genio, A., and Yao. 1993. Efficient cumulus parameterization for long-term climate studies: The GISS scheme. In The Representation of Cumulus Convection in Numerical Models (K.A. Emanuel and D.A. Raymond, Eds.), Vol. 24, no. 24. AMS Meteor. Monograph, pp. 181-184. American Meteorological Society.

Dìaz, A.; C.D. Studzinski and C.R. Mechoso 1998. Relationships between precipitation anomalies in Uruguay and southern Brazil and sea surface temperature in the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. J. Climate, 11, 251-271

Druyan, L., M. Fulakeza and W. Thiaw, 2000. Regional model simulations of African wave disturbances. J. Geophys. Res 105, 7231-7255.

Druyan, L., M. Fulakeza, P. Lonergan and M. Saloum 2001. A regional model study of synoptic features over West Africa. M. Weather Rev. 129, 1564-1577.

Druyan, L.M., K.P. Shah, M.A. Chandler, and D. Rind 2000. GCM hindcasts of SST forced climate variability over agriculturally intensive regions. Climatic Change 45, 279-322.

Druyan, L., K. Shah, K.-W. Lo, J. Marengo, and G. Russell 1995. Impacts of model improvements on general circulation model sensitivity to sea-surface temperature forcing. Intl. J. Climat. 15, 1061-1086.

Eastman, J.R. and A. Anyamba 1996. Prototypical Patterns of ENSO-related drought and drought precursors in Southern Africa. The Thirteenth Pecora Symposium Proceedings, August 20-22, 1996, Sioux Falls, South Dakota.

Fulakeza, M., L. Druyan, and Krishnamurti 2001. A regional climate model for the tropics. Climate Dyn., submitted.

Fulakeza, M. 1998. Modeling the Regional Climate of Southern Central Africa. Ph.D. dissertation. Dept. of Meteorology, Florida State University. Tallahassee, FL.

Gent, P., and M. A. Cane 1989. A reduced gravity, primitive equation model of the upper equatorial ocean. J. Comp. Phys., 81, 444-480.

Grimm, A.M., S.E.T. Ferraz, and J. Gomes 1998. Precipitation anomalies in southern Brazil associated with El Niño and La Niña events. J. Climate, in press.

Grondona, M.O., G.O. Magrin, M.I. Travasso, R.C. Moschini, G.R. Rodriguez, C. Messina, D.R. Boullon, G. Podesta and J.Jones. Impacto del fenomeno "El Niño" sobre la produccion de trigo y maiz en la region Pampeana Argentina. Workshop and Conference on the 1997-98 El Niño: Impacts and Potential Applications of Climate Prediction in Southeast South America. December 1997. Montevideo, Uruguay.

Handler, P. 1984. Corn yields in the United States and sea surface temperature anomalies in the equatorial Pacific Ocean during the period 1868-1982. Agri. Forest Meteor. 31, 25-32.

Hansen, J. et al 1983. Efficient three dimensional global models for climate studies: Models I and II. M. Weather Rev. 111, 609-662.

Hansen et al. 1997. Forcings and chaos in interannual to decadal climate change. J. Geophys. Res. 102, 25679-25720.

Hartke, G., and D. Rind 1997. Improved surface and boundary layer models for the Goddard Institute for Space Studies general circulation model. J. Geophys. Res. 102, 16407-16442.

Hastenrath, S., and L. Druyan 1993. Circulation anomaly mechanisms in the tropical Atlantic sector during the Northeast Brazil rainy season: Results from the GISS general circulation model. J. Geophys. Res. 98, 14917-14923.

Huchu, P., and P.N. Sithole 1994. Rates of adoption of new technology and climatic risk in the communal areas of Zimbabwe. In: E.T. Craswell and J. Simpson (Eds) Proc. ACIAR/SACCAR Workshop on Soil Fertility and Climatic Constraints in Dryland Agriculture, Harare, 1993. ACIAR, Canberra.

Janowiak, J.E. 1988. An investigation of interannual rainfall variability in Africa. J. Climate 1, 240-255.

Ji, M., D.W. Behringer, and A. Leetma 1998. An improved coupled model for ENSO prediction and implications for ocean initialization. Part II: The coupled model. M. Weather Rev. 126, 1022-1034.

Kaplan, A., M.A. Cane, D. Chen, D. Witter, and R. Cheney 2001. Signal and noise in the tropical Pacific sea level analyses. Geophys. Res. Lett., to be submitted.

Kaplan, A., M.A. Cane, D. Chen, D.L. Witter, and R. Cheney 2000. Tuning error models for in situ data assimilation via use of satellite data. Eos Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union 81, S101.

Kiladis, G.N., and H.F. Diaz, 1989. Global climatic anomalies associated with extremes in the Southern Oscillation. J. Climate 2, 1069-1090.

Krishna Kumar, K., B. Rajagopalan, and M.A. Cane 1999. On the weakening relationship between the Indian Monsoon and ENSO. Science ????.

Kumar, K, B. Rajagopalan, and M. Cane 1999. On the weakening relationship between the Indian monsoon and ENSO. Science 284, 2156-2159.

Latif, M., A. Sterl, E. Maier-Reimer, and M.M. Junge 1993. Structure and predictability of the El Niño/Southern Oscillation phenomenon in a coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation model. J. Climate 6, 700-708.

Lau, N.C., S.G.H. Philander, and M.J. Nath 1992. Simulation of ENSO-like phenomena with a low-resolution coupled GCM of the global ocean and atmosphere. J. Climate 5, 284-307.

Lau, N.C., and M.J. Nath 1996. The role of the atmospheric bridge in linking Tropical Pacific ENSO events to extratropical SST anomalies. J. Climate 9, 2036-2057.

LDEO3 Model Forecasts, Climate Diagnostic Bulletin, Figures F7, F8, monthly issues.

Leonard, C., C. McClain, R. Murtugudde, E. Hoffman, and L. Harding 1998. An iron-based ecosystem model of the central equatorial Pacific. J. Geophys. Res. 104, 1325-1341.

Lindesay, J. 1988. South African rainfall, the Southern Oscillation and a southern hemisphere semi-annual cycle. Intl. J. Climat. 8, 17-30.

Linthicum, K.J., A. Anyamba, C.J. Tucker, P.W. Kelley, M.F. Myers, and C.J. Peters 1999. Climate and satellite indicators to forecast Rift Valley fever epidemics in Kenya. Science 284, 397-400.

Livezey, R.E., M. Masutani, A. Leetma, H. Rui, M. Ji, and A. Kumar 1997. Teleconnective response of the Pacific-North American region atmosphere to large central equatorial Pacific SST anomalies. J. Climate 10, 1787-1820.

Makarau A., and M. Jury 1997. Seasonal cycle of convective spells over southern Africa during austral summer. Intl. J. Climat. 17, 1317-1332.

Marengo, J.A., L.M. Druyan, and S. Hastenrath 1993. Observational and modelling studies of Amazonia interannual climate variability. Climatic Change 23, 267-286.

Marengo, J.A., and S. Hastenrath 1993. Case studies of extreme climatic events in the Amazon Basin. J. Climate 6, 617-627.

Masters, W.A., 1994. Government and Agriculture in Zimbabwe. Praeger, London. 236 pp.

Matarira, C. 1990. Drought over Zimbabwe in a regional and global context. Intl. J. Climat. 10, 609-625.

Mauget, S.A., and D.R. Upchurch 1999. El Niño and La Niña related climate and agricultural impacts over the Great Plains and Midwest. J. Production Agri. 12, 203-214.

McClain, C., R. Murtugudde, and S. Signorini 1998. A simulation of biological processes in the equatorial Pacific warm pool at 165E. In press.

Moura, A.D., and J. Shukla 1981. On the dynamics of droughts in northeast Brazil: Observations, theory and numerical experiments with a general circulation model. J. Atmos. Sci. 38, 2653-2675.

Murtugudde, J. Beauchamp, and A. Busalacchi 2001. Effects of penetrative radiation on the upper tropical ocean circulation. J. Climate, accepted.

Murtugudde, R. and A.J. Busalacchi 1998. Interannual variability of the dynamics and thermodynamics of the tropical Indian Ocean. J. Climate 12, 2300-2326.

Murtugudde, R., and A.J. Buslacchi 1998. Salinity effects in a tropical ocean model. J. Geophys. Res. 103, 3283-3300.

Murtugudde, R., McCreary, and A.J. Busalacchi 1998. Oceanic processes associated with anomalous events in the Indian Ocean with relevance to 1997-1998. J. Geophys. Res., accepted.

Murtugudde, R., R. Seager, and A.J. Busalacchi 1996. Simulation of tropical oceans with an ocean GCM coupled to an atmospheric mixed layer model. J. Climate 9, 1795-1815.

Murtugudde, R., S. Signorini, J. Christian, A. Busalacchi, C. McClain, and J. Picaut 1999. Ocean color variability of the tropical Ind-Pacific basin observed by SeaWiFS during 1997-1998. J. Geophys. Res., in press.

Myneni, R.B.; S.O. Los and C.J. Tucker 1996. Satellite-based identification of linked vegetation index and sea surface temperature anomaly areas from 1982-1990 for Africa, Australia and South America. Geophys. Res. Lett 23, 729-732.

Nicholson, S.E., M.L. Davenport, and A.R. Malo 1990. A comparison of vegetation response to rainfall in the Sahel and East Africa using Normalized Difference Vegetation Index from NOAA-AVHRR. Climatic Change 17, 209-241.

Phillips, J., B. Rajagopalan, M. Cane, and C. Rosenzweig 1999. The role of ENSO in determining climate and maize yield variability in the US Cornbelt. Intl. J. Climatol. 19, 877-888.

Phillips, J.G., E. Makaudze, and L. Unganai 1999. Current and potential use of climate forecasts for resource-poor farmers in Zimbabwe. In Impacts of Climate Variability on Agriculture, American Society for Agronomy Special Publication Series.

Phillips, J.G., M.A. Cane, and C. Rosenzweig 1998. ENSO, seasonal rainfall patterns, and simulated maize yield variability in Zimbabwe. Agri. Forest Meteor 90, 39-50.

Picaut, J., E. Hackert, A. Busalacchi 2001. Mechanisms of the 1997-1998 El Niño-La Niña, as inferred from space-based observations. J. Geophys. Res., submitted.

Pisciottano, G.J; A.F. Dìaz and C.R. Mechoso 1994. El Niño-Southern Oscillation impact on rainfall in Uruguay. J. Climate 7, 1286-1302.

Podesta, G.R.; C.D. Messina; M.O. Grondona and G.O. Magrin 1998. Associations between grain crop yields in central-eastern Argentina and El Niño-Southern Oscillation. J. Climate, submitted.

Rajagopalan, B., and U. Lall, 1999. A k-nearest neighbor simulator for daily precipitation and other weather variables. Water Resources Res., in press.

Reynolds, R. W. 1988. A real-time global sea surface temperature analysis. J. Climate 1, 75-86.

Richardson, C.W. 1981. Stochastic simulation of daily precipitation, temperature, and solar radiation. Water Resources Res. 17, 182-190.

Rind, D., and J. Lerner 1996. Use of on-line tracers as a diagnostic tool in general circulation model development: 1. Horizontal and vertical transport in the troposphere. J. Geophys. Res. 101, 12667-12683.

Rind, D., J. Lerner, K. Shah, and R. Suozzo 1999. Use of on-line tracers as a diagnostic tool in general circulation model deleopment: 2. Transport between the troposphere and stratosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 104, 9151-9167.

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Ropelewski, C.F. and M.S. Halpert 1987. Global and regional scale precipitation patterns associated with El Niño/Southern Oscillation. M. Weather Rev. 115, 1606-1626.

Rosenzweig, C. 2000. Climate variability, seasonal prediction, and agriculture. In Proceedings of International Forum on Climate Prediction, Agriculture and Development. International Research Institute for Climate Prediction.

Rosenzweig, C. 2001. Impacts of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation on agriculture: Guidelines for regional analysis. In Impact of El Niño and Climate Variability on Agriculture (C. Rosenzweig et al., Eds.) ASA Special Publication No. 63. Madison, WI.

Rosenzweig, C. and F. Abramopoulos 1997. Land-surface model development for the GISS GCM. J. Climate 10, 2040-2054.

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Shah, K.P., and D. Rind 1998. Comparing upper tropospheric and lower stratospheric temperatures: Microwave sounding unit, radiosonde, COSPAR International Reference Atmosphere, and National Center for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research reanalysis monthly-mean climatologies. J. Geophys. Res. 103, 31569-31592.

Shah, K.P., D. Rind, L. Druyan, P. Lonergan, and M. Chandler 2000. AGCM hindcasts with SST and other forcings: Responses from global to agricultural scales. J. Geophys. Res. 105, 20025-20053.

Shindell, D. T., G. A. Schmidt, R. L. Miller and D. Rind, 2001. Northern Hemisphere winter climate response to greenhouse gas, ozone, solar and volcanic forcing. J. Geophys. Res. 106, 7193-7211.

Shumba, E.M., 1994. Constraints in the smallholder farming systems of Zimbabwe. In Proc. ACIAR/SACCAR Workshop on Soil Fertility and Climatic Constraints in Dryland Agriculture, Harare, 1993 (E.T. Craswell and J. Simpson, Eds.) ACIAR, Canberra.

Signorini, S., R. Murtugudde, C. McClain, J. Christian, J. Picaut, and A. Busalacchi 1998. Biological and physical signatures in the tropical and sub-tropical Atlantic. J. Geophys. Res.. In press.

Tokmakian, R.T., and P.G. Challenor 1999. On the joint estimation of model and satellite sea surface height errors. Ocean Modelling, submitted.

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